Application

• Acetylene

  a colorless gas with a weak ether-like odor, characterized by a typically unpleasant smell caused by impurities (PH3), which can undergo a violent, explosive decomposition reaction. Acetylene is obtained by carbide hydrolysis or methane synthesis in air at temperatures above 1500 °C. Mixed with air, acetylene produces highly explosive mixtures in a wide range of concentrations but it may also ignite without air.
  Acetylene is widely used in industry to produce acetaldehyde by means of the so-called Kucherov reaction, using mercury salts serving as catalyst. The gas is also used to manufacture, inter alia, vinyl chloride, chloroprene, soot, as well as for metal welding and cutting (oxy-acetylene torch produces a temperature of 2700°C).

  Melting point (-80,8 °C)

  Boiling point (-193,0°C)

• Argon

  A colorless, odorless and tasteless inert gas. The earth atmosphere contains almost 1% of argon; thus, argon ranks third after nitrogen and oxygen. Like other inert gases, argon shows minor chemically reactivity even though it may react with other compounds. For industrial applications argon is made during fractional distillation of liquefied air as a by-product of nitrogen and oxygen production.
  

  Argon is one of basic gases (next to carbon dioxide) used to shield welding arcs because it has a higher density than air and thus is not displaced from a leaky system but rather stays at the bottom.  The gas is also used in incandescent light bulbs and since its thermal conductivity is lower than the conductivity of air, argon – like krypton – is the gas of choice to fill glazing units installed in modern windows, in semi-conductor production and in certain types of arc welding.  Argon is also used in argon lasers and to fill computer hard disks in order to reduce wear and tear of discs and scanners.

  Melting point (-189,35 °C)

  Boiling point (-185,85°C)

• Nitrogen

  An odorless and non-flammable gas, slightly water-soluble and with low chemical reactivity, nitrogen is the main component of air (78% by volume). For industrial applications, nitrogen is obtained from atmospheric air by condensing and fractional distillation or by binding to atmospheric oxygen.
  Basic applications of nitrogen include nitrogen compounds used in agriculture as fertilizers. Both in the lab and industry, due to its low chemical reactivity, nitrogen is used to provide an inert atmosphere to prevent reactive oxygen from coming into contact with easily oxidizing substances. In medicine, nitrous oxide N20 (a general anesthetic) is used in surgery. Liquid nitrogen is always used whenever there is a need for low temperatures (cryogenics, superconductivity). In modern metallurgy, nitrogen is used to coat metals with nitrogen compounds, thus greatly increasing their useful life.

  Melting point (°C) -210

  Boiling point (°C, p = 1 atm) -195,8

• Carbon dioxide

  A colorless, odorless and non-flammable gas occurring at ambient temperature, easily soluble in water and heavier than air (about 1.5 times heavier). At normal pressures, it transforms from the solid phase to the gas phase without passing through an intermediate liquid phase at -78,5 °C temperature. At an elevated pressure (5.1 atmospheres), carbon dioxide condenses at -57 °C. Free and bound carbon dioxide occurs naturally in the atmosphere (as a component of CaCO3).Carbon dioxide is the by-product of combustion and respiration.
  It is used, among others, as an operating medium in carbon dioxide extinguishers and fire-fighting systems. In welding, it is used as a protective atmosphere for MAG welding of carbon steel. Carbon dioxide is also found in the neutral greenhouse atmosphere in fruit ripening rooms. Food processing industry uses carbon dioxide to make carbonated drinks (E290 food additive).

  Melting point (°C) -56,6

  Boiling point (°C) -78,5

• Oxygen

  A very active gas, slightly water-soluble, found in open air (approximately 23% by weight), probably the most common element on Earth, vital for breathing and combustion processes. Oxygen is mainly obtained through fractional distillation of liquefied air.
  Oxygen plays a vital role in breathing and also in most combustion processes that produce energy. It is widely used in blowpipes to cut and weld metals; it functions as an oxidizing agent in numerous industrial synthetic processes; it is used for steel purification and as an oxidizer for rocket fuel. Large quantities of oxygen are used to produce high temperature in blowpipes for welding, cutting and melting infusible metals. In its liquid phase, oxygen is used as a rocket fuel oxidizer.Oxygen is the primary component of breathing gases used by scuba divers, mountain hikers or astronauts. Oxygen is supplied to patients to assist with breathing. A safe level of oxygen in the air for people varies from 16% to 50%.

  Melting point (°C) -218,78

  Boiling point (°C, p = 1 atm) -182,96

• Helium

  Helium is the second - after hydrogen - most abundant element in the universe, with only trace amounts of helium occurring on Earth (4•10-7% in the upper atmosphere). Helium is the least active element with very high ionization energy. No lasting chemical compound involving helium has ever been produced. Helium has no biological significance.
  Liquid helium is used for cooling when very low temperatures are required. Its very low boiling point makes it ideal for cooling superconductors whereas its poor solubility in blood plasma makes it a good component of gas mixtures used by scuba divers. Other applications include helium used as carrier gas in balloons; for metalworking and production of optical fibers; and for testing for leaks.

  Melting point (°C) brak danych

  Boiling point (°C) -269,0

• Hydrogen

  The lightest and simplest of all the elements – is a combustible, colorless and odorless gas poorly soluble in water. Industrial production is mainly from the steam reforming of natural gas when at high temperatures steam (water vapor) reacts with e.g. methane; or from a so-called Bosch reaction of water vapor with coking coal; from CH4 thermolysis or through methane reacting with oxygen.
  Hydrogen has found a number of applications: primarily, it is used in the food processing industry for hardening edible fats (e.g. margarine) and in metallurgical industry hydrogen is used as a protective atmosphere for processes occurring at high temperatures. Hydrogen is used for metal cutting and plasma welding and to create a special atmosphere for making semiconductor systems.

  Melting point (°C) -259,15

  Boiling point (°C) -253,15

• Krypton

  One of the helium-group gases commonly called rare gases, krypton occurs naturally in small amounts as an admixture of atmospheric air (1.14 ppm). It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas, slightly water-soluble and with a boiling point of -152,3 °C, barely 4 degrees lower than its melting point of -156,6 °C. Even though it has an extremely low chemical reactivity it binds with fluorine forming a few compounds. Krypton applications include fluorescent lamps, lasers and runway lights.

• Neon

  Neon is a colorless, odorless gas slightly water-soluble. It does not bind into biatomic molecules and it very hard to liquefy: under standard pressure neon liquefies at a temperature of -246,07°C, turns solid at a temperature only 3 degrees lower, i.e. at -248,68°C. Neon is found in atmospheric air in small quantities: by volume, it ranks fifth, after nitrogen, oxygen, argon and carbon dioxide. Neon is obtained as a byproduct of air liquefaction. It has found application in advertising signs and runway lighting as a lamp filler gas: when enclosed in a pipe of any shape or form, neon begins to glow when sufficiently high voltage is applied at both pipe ends.

• Xenon

  One of the helium-group gases commonly called rare gases, xenon occurs naturally in small amounts as an admixture of atmospheric air. Out of a billion atoms of various gases found in air only 87 are xenon atoms. It is a colorless, odorless and tasteless gas approximately 4.5 times heavier than air; it is also only slightly water-soluble. It is characterized by a slight difference in temperature of its boiling and melting points(-111,9° and -107,1°C respectively). Even though xenon has an extremely low chemical reactivity, compounds of xenon and fluorine and oxygen have been successfully obtained. Metal perxenates, e.g. sodium perxenate Na4XeO6, range among the strongest known oxidizing agents. Xenon is also commonly used as filler gas in high-performance arc lamps and flashlights since high-pressure gas discharges in a xenon-filled lamp produce unusually bright white light.